Research Objective: Understanding the Neurophysiology of the mammalian brain at the systems level with emphasis on sensory-motor integration and perception.

Current Research: Neurons in the medial superior temporal (MST) area respond to visual, eye movement and vestibular stimuli during naturalistic self-movement. These neurons may use this information to create a perception heading and spatial orientation. In the current experiments, neuronal ensemble (multi-unit) responses will be recorded while the monkey uses a joy-stick to control its direction of heading ("driving") in a visual simulation or while moving on a motorized sled.

Background Experience: After graduating from Cornell University with a BS & Masters in Electrical Engineering, Bill spent 3 years at General Electric Co. in hardware design. He continued his training at the University of Rochester in both the Physiology and Neuroscience programs. Initial research projects included the study of smooth pursuit eye movements following LGN lesions and the response of Abducens neurons during phoria adaptation. Bill's Ph.D. thesis studied the impact of eye movements on neuronal responses to visual motion in monkey cortical area MST. General experience involves animal training, experimental set-up (hardware & software programming), single unit neurophysiology, data analysis and interpretation.

Publications
1) Duffy, C.J. and Page, W.K. Optic Flow and Vestibular Self-Movement Cues: Multi-Sensory Interactions in Cortical Area MST, in Optic Flow and Beyond. L.M. Vaina, S.A. Beardsley, S. Rushton (eds.), 2004.
2) Duffy, C.J., Page, W.K. and Froehler, M.J. Posterior Cortical Processing of Self-Movement Cues: MSTd's Role in Papez Circuit for Navigation and Orientation, in Head Cells. J.S. Taube and S.I. Wiener (eds.), 2004.
3) Page, W.K. and Duffy, C.J. Heading Representation in MST: Sensory Interactions and Population Encoding. Journal of Neurophysiology, 89 (4): 1994-2013, 2003.
4) Ben Hamed, S., Page, W.K., Duffy, C.J., and Pouget, A. MSTd Neuronal Basis Functions for the Population Encoding of Heading Direction. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90: 549-558, 2003.
5) Page, W.K. Neuronal Mechanisms of Spatial Orientation during Eye Movements. Ph.D. Thesis, 2000.
6) Upadhyay, U. D.; Page, W. K.; Duffy, C. J. MST Responses to Pursuit Across Optic Flow with Motion Parallax. Journal of Neurophysiology, 84: 818-826, 2000.
7) Page, W. K.; Duffy, C. J. MST Neuronal Responses to Heading Direction During Pursuit Eye Movements. Journal of Neurophysiology, 81: 596-610, 1999.
8) Page, W.K.; King, W.M.; Merigan, W.; Maunsell, J.H. Magnocellular or Parvocellular Lesions in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Monkeys Cause Minor Deficits of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements. Vision Research 34:223-239, 1994.
9) King, W.M.; Zhou, W.; Tomlinson, R.D.; McConville, K.M.; Page, W.K.; Paige, G.D.; Maxwell, J.S. Eye-Position Signals in the Abducens and Oculomotor Nuclei of Monkeys During Ocular Convergence. Journal of Vestibular Research 4: 401-408, 1994.

Presentations
1) Page, W.K. and Duffy, C.J. Active Steering by Global Motion Enhances MST's Optic Flow Responses. Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, November, 2003.
2) Page, W.K.; Duffy, C.J. Active Steering Alters MST Neuronal Responses to OpticFlow. Society for Neuroscience, Orlando, November, 2002.
3) Page, W.K.; Duffy, C.J. MST Population Encoding of Heading During Whole-Body Self-Movement. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, November, 2001.
4) Page, W.K.; Duffy, C.J. MST Neurons Combine Visual, Vestibular, and Pursuit Signals to Support Self-Movement Perception. Soc. for Neuroscience, Miami, Oct, 1999.
5) Page, W.K.; Duffy, C.J. MST Neuronal Responses to Naturalistic Optic Flow and Smooth Pursuit during Observer Movement. Society for Neuroscience, L.A., Nov. 1998.
6) Upadhyay, U. D.; Page, W.K.; Duffy, C.J. MST Response to Optic Flow with Motion Parallax during Smooth Pursuit. Society for Neuroscience, L.A., November 1998.
7) Page, W.K.; Duffy, C.J. MST Neuronal Responses to Optic Flow during Smooth Pursuit. Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, October, 1997.
8) Page, W.K.; Duffy, C.J. Neuronal Responses to Optic Flow during Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements. Conference for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Rochester, Feb. 1997.
9) Page, W.K.; King, W.M.; Merigan, W.H.; Maunsell, J.H.R.. Eye Movement Deficits Revealed by Step Ramp Tracking Errors in Monkeys with Magno and Parvocellular LGN Lesions. Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, November 1991.

Recent Awards
National Research Service Award (Pre-doctoral) F31MH-11616 from the National Institute of Mental Health for the period September 1997 to April 2000.
Project Title: Neuronal Responses to Self-Motion during Smooth Pursuit.